Journal articles: 'Interactive drill system' – Grafiati (2024)

Abstract:

This study proposes the concept of combining Tutorial models and Drill-Practice models on interactive learning media in the form of online-based Computer Assisted Learning (CAI). This model is in line with the learning characteristics of the Database Systems course which emphasizes conceptual understanding at the beginning of learning, and unstructured case exercises at the end of learning. The test results show that the proposed model can motivate students to learn independently so that they can improve their mastery of competencies in the Database System. However, it is necessary to provide adequate guidance on CAI applications to be easy to operate. A more effective and interactive design model is also needed if the CAI application is intended to connect to an online system that provides broader learning resources for students so that students can use CAI interactively as an effective learning media used for independent learning.

Abstract:

Purpose Evacuation drills should be more realistic and interactive. Focusing on situational and audio-visual realities and scenario-based interactivity, the authors have developed a game-based evacuation drill (GBED) system that presents augmented reality (AR) materials on tablet computers. The paper's current research purpose is to improve visual reality (AR materials) in our GBED system. Design/methodology/approach The author's approach is to develop a new GBED system that superimposes digital objects [e.g. three-dimensional computer graphics (3DCG) elements] onto real-time vision using a marker-based AR library, a binocular opaque head-mounted display (HMD) and other current easily available technologies. Findings The findings from a trial experiment are that the new GBED system can improve visual reality and is appropriate for disaster education. However, a few problems remain for practical use. Research limitations/implications When using the GBED system, participants (i.e. HMD wearers) can suffer from 3D sickness and have difficulty in moving. These are important safety problems in HMD-based systems. Social implications The combination of AR and HMDs for GBEDs (i.e. integrating virtual and real worlds) will raise questions about its merits (pros and cons). Originality/value The originality of the research is the combination of AR and an HMD to a GBED, which has previously been realized primarily as simulation games in virtual worlds. The authors believe that our research has the potential to expand disaster education.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE This project involves the development of a three-dimensional surgical simulator called interactive virtual dissection, which is designed to teach surgeons the visuospatial skills required to navigate through a transpetrosal approach. METHODS A robotically controlled microscope is used for surgical planning and data collection. The spatial anatomic data are recorded from sequentially deeper cadaveric head dissections as a series of superimposed anatomic pictures in stereoscopic digital format. The sequential series of images are then merged to form the final virtual representation. RESULTS The current three-dimensional virtual reality simulator allows the user to drill the petrous bone progressively deeper and to identify crucial structures much like an experienced surgeon drilling the petrous bone. The program allows surgeons and trainees to manipulate the virtual “surgical field” by interacting with the surgical anatomy. The interactive system functions on a desktop computer. CONCLUSION The ability to visualize and understand anatomic spatial relationships is crucial in surgical planning, as is a surgeon's confidence in performing the surgery. The virtual reality simulator does not replace the need for practicing surgery on cadavers. However, it is designed to facilitate, via stereoscopic projection, learning how to manipulate a drill in complicated or unfamiliar surgical approaches (e.g., a transpetrosal approach).

Abstract:

The purpose of this research is to develop interactive multimedia using macromedia flash equipped with drill method about human digestive system material for high students senior high school class XI of valid and practical. This research uses Plomp development model that is initial investigation stage, development stage or prototype making and assessment phase. Research data were analyzed by qualitative and quantitative analysis. The data collection instrument uses self evaluation questionnaire, validity questionnaire, one to one evaluation questionnaire, small group evaluation questionnaire, field test questionnaire and questionnaire of practice. The developed product is validated by 2 lecturers of biology and 1 biology teacher of SMAN 1 Bukit Sundi Kabupaten Solok, while for practicality done by 21 students of SMAN 1 Bukit Sundi. Based on the research results obtained validity value 94.33 with criteria very valid, practicality by teacher 93,76 with criteria very practical and practicality of student 93,02 with criterion very practical.

Abstract:

Introduction. The tibial tunnel aperture in the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is usually analyzed as an ellipse, generated as an intersection between a tibial plateau and a tibial bone tunnel. The aim of this study is to show that the tibial tunnel aperture, which utilizes 3D tibial surface bone model, differs significantly from common computations which present the tibial tunnel anterior cruciate ligament aperture surface as an ellipse. Material and Methods. An interactive program system was developed for the tibial tunnel aperture analysis which included the real tibia 3D surface bone model generated from a series of computed tomography images of ten male patients, their mean age being 25 years. In aperture calculation, the transverse drill angle of 10o was used, whereas sagittal drill angles of 40o, 50o and 60o were used with the drill-bit diameter set to 10 mm. The real 3D and 2D tibial tunnel aperture surface projection was calculated and compared with an ellipse. Results. According to the calculations, generated 3D aperture surfaces were different for every patient even though the same drill parameters were used. For the sagittal drill angles of 40?, 50? and 60?, the mean difference between the projected 3D and 2D area on the tibial plateau was 19.6 ? 5.4%, 21.1 ? 8.0% and 21.3 ? 9.6%, respectively. The difference between the projected 3D area on the tibial plateau and ellipse surface was 54.8 ? 16.3%, 39.6 ? 10.4% and 25.0 ? 8.0% for sagittal drill angles of 40?, 50? and 60?, respectively. Conclusion. The tibial tunnel aperture surface area differs significantly from the ellipse surface area, which is commonly used in the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction analysis. Inclusion of the 3D shape of the tibial attachment site in the preoperative anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction planning process can lead to a more precise individual anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on the tibial bone. Both tibial aperture area generated in 3D and its projection on a tibial plateau are larger than the ellipse surface; therefore, individual characteristics of each patient have to be taken into consideration.

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The traditional fire drill is difficult, high cost, poor effect etc. in variety of fire scene simulation; a new fire drill platform combined Somatosensory camera Kinect and VR can achieve self-construction and virtual simulation fire drill based on somatosensory interaction; the platform achieves interaction between human and the 3D objects in virtual simulation environment, 3D modeling, scene building with Unity, identified human skeletal by Kinect, and using Euclidean distance matching recognition algorithm for body movements, and finally realizes the evaluation of fire drills.; the platform shows that the system has important practical significance and use value in fire drills, fire safety teaching and other aspects.

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Big data analytics (BDA) is important to reduce healthcare costs. However, there are many challenges of data aggregation, maintenance, integration, translation, analysis, and security/privacy. The study objective to establish an interactive BDA platform with simulated patient data using open-source software technologies was achieved by construction of a platform framework with Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) using HBase (key-value NoSQL database). Distributed data structures were generated from benchmarked hospital-specific metadata of nine billion patient records. At optimized iteration, HDFS ingestion of HFiles to HBase store files revealed sustained availability over hundreds of iterations; however, to complete MapReduce to HBase required a week (for 10 TB) and a month for three billion (30 TB) indexed patient records, respectively. Found inconsistencies of MapReduce limited the capacity to generate and replicate data efficiently. Apache Spark and Drill showed high performance with high usability for technical support but poor usability for clinical services. Hospital system based on patient-centric data was challenging in using HBase, whereby not all data profiles were fully integrated with the complex patient-to-hospital relationships. However, we recommend using HBase to achieve secured patient data while querying entire hospital volumes in a simplified clinical event model across clinical services.

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To minimise wellbore failures in unstable environments, knowledge of the complete stress tensor is crucial to designing optimally-stable borehole trajectories, selecting suitable mud weights, and determining appropriate casing points. Understanding how the in situ stress field interacts with the drilling and production of a well enables one to design for maximum stability and to facilitate intersecting the greatest population of hydraulically-conductive fractures for efficient production. Knowledge of the in situ stress field is also important to reduce uncertainties in sand production prediction to allow more aggressive completion designs and production schedules.A new interactive software system, Stress and Failure of Inclined Boreholes (SFIB) (Peska and Zoback, 1995a) is used to demonstrate how observations of drilling-induced compressive and tensile wellbore failures from acoustic and electrical images in vertical and inclined boreholes can be integrated with routinely-collected drilling data (leak-off and drill stem tests) to construct a well-constrained stress tensor. These techniques can also exploit wellbore image data to constrain in situ rock strength in vertical and inclined wells. This paper illustrates how to apply this knowledge to limit wellbore instability, design optimally stable wellbores, develop constraints that help mitigate problems associated with sand production, and optimise productivity of fractured reservoirs.In addition to mapping drilling-induced wellbore features, image data can also be used to determine the distribution, orientation, and apparent aperture of natural fractures and fault systems. With knowledge of the orientations and magnitudes of the in situ stresses it is possible to identify the subset of fractures that are likely to be hydraulically conductive.Examples of recent applications in the North Sea, Gulf of Mexico, California, and Puerto Rico illustrating how this integrated approach can be used in a variety of tectonic settings.

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The TDS changed the drive mode and established a simple, flexible multi-body drill string system. The system consists of a derrick, a hoisting system, TDS, and a drill string system, and is inserted into a long, narrow borehole. The drill string then interacts with mud, the borehole wall, and the bottom hole, which generates resonance and increases the risk of drilling accidents. Natural frequency, which is related to the structure of the drill string, determines critical speed. In a vertical well, the transverse, torsional, and longitudinal fluid–structure interaction vibrations of the flexible multi-body drill string system within 1,700 m was analysed using the ANSYS. The natural frequency and the associated critical speed for different bottomhole assemblies (BHAs) were obtained. Results show that reasonably selecting the TDS rotation speed and optimizing BHA offer practical engineering applications for increasing drilling speed, reducing drilling accidents, and improving economic returns.

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As global energy demand rises, so does the need for resources and the means to extract them safely and efficiently by means of, for example, down-hole drilling. These large mechanical rigs often encounter lateral, axial, and torsional vibrations which can cause serious equipment damage and possibly failure. To minimize malignant effects, control algorithms are developed and tested on lab-scale models before implementation on large-scale rig systems. Many previous lab-scale systems artificially reproduce vibrations via inertial masses, shakers, braking systems, etc. However, they do not attempt to match the physical properties or natural response of the drill string. The goal of this research is to naturally reproduce a drilling system’s physical behaviors at lab scale through systematic analysis and design. First, a lumped parameter model is used to model the system dynamics. Through nondimensional stiffness ratios, which dictate the drill string material and geometric selection, the drill string’s elastic nature is reproduced. From this selection, the system parameters are further defined by the maximum allowable forces, derived from a bit–rock interaction model and chosen failure criteria. After development of a dynamics model and outline of design constraints, a systematic method of design and simulation of a customizable lab-scale drilling system is proposed.

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This paper analyzes several important issues on the drill string system dynamics model and its numerical algorithm. Firstly, it introduces the commonly used numerical methods and contact algorithms, and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each method in detail. Secondly, it analyzes the application of explicit and implicit methods for the current stress iteration algorithm, and specifies the implicit algorithm should be used in the research of drill string system dynamics. This paper focuses on the research of damping model and bit-rock interaction model, solves the damping effect based on the theory of ocean wave mechanics, and establishes a simplified bit-rock interaction model. Finally, a virtual numerical simulation example shows that the method used in this paper can analyze the dynamic of drill string used in the 1,000-meter complex well bore. The research result of this paper has certain guiding meanings on the analysis of working behavior of extra-long pipe string in the complex well bore by using numerical methods in the oil field.

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Although decision support systems utilizing multidimensional hierarchical data have rightfully been praised for their ability to enhance decision making, we find that the drill-down path offered by such systems can influence economic decisions—sometimes in a suboptimal fashion. Our experimental investigation offers profitmaximizing monetary incentives to decision makers who navigate a simple multidimensional system. Specifically, decision makers view three possible drill-down paths that each contain three lower-level outcomes of subunit performance (i.e., only nine possible outcomes exist). We manipulate the predictive ability of aggregate data by changing the system-offered drill-down path. In our experiment, we keep all numeric performance outcomes constant; however, half of the time, the optimal outcome lies within the best aggregate level performer and half the time it does not. We find economic decisions are significantly worse when aggregate level performance fails to predict the optimal lower-level performance outcome. We also find that reducing decision effort via proper cognitive fit improves economic decisions.

Abstract:

e18319 Background: ICH E6 (R2) has increased the level of scrutiny that we have for the data we collect in clinical trials. The emphasis is on quality-by-design with a quality management system to be incorporated and a focus on using a risk-based approach. This can be time-consuming and expensive - though the goal of this addendum is to improve quality AND efficiency, whilst ensuring patient safety and integrity of trial results. We therefore, piloted a proactive, concise and consistent method for utilizing a risk-based approach with central monitoring. Methods: Our method included 1) identifying risks within our data with 8 standard Key Risk Indicators (KRIs) across different study phases and different therapeutic areas together with 2) an off-the-shelf web-based tool for uniform and efficient review by a team of central monitors to assess which data may need more examination. These 8 KRIs are indicated in the list below, in order of the categories within the TransCelerate Risk Assessment and Categorization Tool: (S)AE rates, Enrollment Rates, Screen Failure Rates, Discontinuation Rate, Protocol Deviation Rates, Overdue Query Rate, Data Latency, and Identification of Potential Fraudulent data. Results: 15 studies were configured with the same KRIs and Visual Analytics; histograms, line- and pie-charts and data tables allowing for interactive data visualization and drill down. This represents research across different Phases 1-3 and observational studies. Based upon qualitative survey analysis from the central monitoring team 5/8 KRIs were found to be extremely valuable to focus on study quality, identifying earlier issues in study conduct for the project teams and Sponsors, while the remaining 3 were less valuable. Conclusions: We Our Risk Management team aims to increase the quality of data and ease of implementation of ICHE6 (R2) by focusing on the areas that matter the most, however identifying those areas and managing those data can sometimes be challenging. Through this innovation we have proven some core KRIs of trials that should be most closely monitored to aid decision making and will continue to evaluate to develop core oncology specific KRIs that will allow a more consistent review of data.

Abstract:

Stick-slip oscillation in drill-string is a universal phenomenon in oil and gas drilling. It could lead to the wear of drill bit, even cause catastrophic failure of drill-strings and measurement equipment. Therefore, it is crucial to study drilling parameters and develop appropriate control method to suppress such oscillation. This paper studies a discrete model of the drill-string system taking into account torsional degree-of-freedom, drill-string damping, and highly nonlinear friction of rock-bit interaction. In order to suppress the stick-slip oscillation, a new proportional-derivative controller, which can maintain drill bit’s rotation at a constant speed, is developed. Numerical results are given to demonstrate its efficacy and robustness.

Abstract:

In the paper an initial stage of a rotating drill string bit whirl motion proceeding on a well bottom surface is studied on the basis of nonholonomic kinematic models of mechanic interaction between the contacting uneven bodies. It is assumed that the drill bit is an absolutely rigid spherical body, the well bottom surface is spherical too. It is supposed that the system coaxiality is disturbed through small initial curvature of the drill string, defects of the bit and bore-well geometry or the debalance of the system mass. Linearized equations of the drill bit movement are derived, the frequencies of periodic motions are calculated, and their types are constructed for different geometric parameters of the spherical bits. It is shown that, depending on the system properties, the drill bit motion can to transit to the state of stationary spinning relative to an immovable center of velocities or acquire the regimes of forward and backward whirlings.

Abstract:

Drilling volumes should be increased in order to increase hydrocarbon production, but this is impossible without the usage of high-quality drilling tools made of modern structural materials. The study has to analyze the design, technological and operational methods to increase the performance of drilling tools made of various materials and has highlighted prospects of technological method applications. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the development of a new analytical model of PDC drill bit–well interaction. The developed model takes into account the drill bit manufacturing errors in the form of bit body–nipple axes misalignment on the drill bit strength. This result makes it possible to determine the permissible manufacturing errors to provide safe operation of the drill bit. It is established that there is an additional transverse force that presses the drill bit to the well wall in the rock due to manufacturing errors. It is determined that the magnitude of this clamping force can be significant. The material effect has been analyzed on additional clamping force. It is established that geometric imperfection of the drill bit causes the minimal effect for the elastic system of the pipe string, which includes a calibrator and is composed of drill pipes based on composite carbon fiber material, and the maximal effect—for steel drill pipes. Polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) drill bit and well wall contact interaction during operation in non-standard mode is considered. Non-standard stresses are determined, and the strength of the blades is estimated for different values of drilling bit manufacturing error.

Abstract:

According to the demand of practical operation of drills in the live working simulation training , sensor technology using in simulation training systems is put forward in this paper.On the bases of brief introduction of sensor technology and summarizing of sensing technology’s application in the simulation training, the sensing system of the live working simulation training system is established.With the sensor system, trainees can simulate a live working process of self participations, achieve real-time interaction with the virtual scene of live working, the objectives of practical operation of drills is achieved, the effect of the simulation training is effectively improved.

Abstract:

In oil and gas industry, rotary drilling systems are used for energy exploration and productions. These types of systems are composed of two main parts: mechanical and electrical parts. The electrical part is represented by rotating motor called top drive; however, the mechanical part of the system is composed of tool string with many pipes, at the bottom end of these pipes the bit is attached to cut the rock during their contact. Since the bit is in a direct contact with rock characteristic variations, it can be under risk for heavy damage. The latter is principally caused by the fact that the rock–bit interaction term is highly nonlinear and unpredictable. In literature, many mathematical models have been proposed for rock–bit interaction, but they do not reflect the dynamic of the bit under vibrations since torsional and axial vibrations are strongly coupled and synchronized with it. In industrial development, the design of drill bit has faced many improvements in order to overcome these vibrations and mitigate unpredictable phenomena. Even though, the practical use of these drill bits confirmed that there are still many failures and damages for the new designs; moreover, bits’ virtual life become shorter than before. The objective of this study is to analyze the drill bit deformations caused by the stick-slip vibration phenomenon which is characterized by high-frequency high-amplitude in rotary drilling systems. The obtained results were validated through a case study of MWD (measurement while drilling) data of well located in a Southern Algerian oil field.

Abstract:

This paper presents active vibration control to reduce the stick-slip oscillations in drill-strings. A simplified two degrees-of-freedom drill-string torsional model is considered. The nonlinear interaction between the rock and the bit is included in the model, where its parameters are fitted with field data from a 5 km drill-string system. Different proportional-derivative (PD)-control strategies are employed and compared, including the one that takes into account the weight-on-bit (axial force) and the bit speed. Optimization problems are proposed to obtain the values of the gain coefficients, and a torsional stability map is constructed for different weight-on-bit values and top-drive speeds. It is noted that the information of the dynamics at the bottom increases the performance of the PD-controller significantly in terms of the torsional vibration suppression, for the system analyzed.

Abstract:

This article describes a surgical robotic device that is able to discriminate tissue interfaces and other controlling parameters ahead of the drill tip. The advantage in such a surgery is that the tissues at the interfaces can be preserved. A smart tool detects ahead of the tool point and is able to control the interaction with respect to the flexing tissue, to avoid penetration or to control the extent of protrusion with respect to the position of the tissue. For surgical procedures, where precision is required, the tool offers significant benefit. To interpret the drilling conditions and the conditions leading up to breakthrough at a tissue interface, a sensing scheme is used that discriminates between the variety of conditions posed in the drilling environment. The result is a fully autonomous system, which is able to respond to the tissue type, behaviour, and deflection in real-time. The system is also robust in terms of disturbances encountered in the operating theatre. The device is pragmatic. It is intuitive to use, efficient to set up, and uses standard drill bits. The micro-drill, which has been used to prepare cochleostomies in the theatre, was used to remove the bone tissue leaving the endosteal membrane intact. This has enabled the preservation of sterility and the drilling debris to be removed prior to the insertion of the electrode. It is expected that this technique will promote the preservation of hearing and reduce the possibility of complications. The article describes the device (including simulated drill progress and hardware set-up) and the stages leading up to its use in the theatre.

Abstract:

The concept of a hand guided robotic drill has been inspired by an automated, arm supported robotic drill recently applied in clinical practice to produce cochleostomies without penetrating the endosteum ready for inserting cochlear electrodes. The smart tactile sensing scheme within the drill enables precise control of the state of interaction between tissues and tools in real-time. This paper reports development studies of the hand guided robotic drill where the same consistent outcomes, augmentation of surgeon control and skill, and similar reduction of induced disturbances on the hearing organ are achieved. The device operates with differing presentation of tissues resulting from variation in anatomy and demonstrates the ability to control or avoid penetration of tissue layers as required and to respond to intended rather than involuntary motion of the surgeon operator. The advantage of hand guided over an arm supported system is that it offers flexibility in adjusting the drilling trajectory. This can be important to initiate cutting on a hard convex tissue surface without slipping and then to proceed on the desired trajectory after cutting has commenced. The results for trials on phantoms show that drill unit compliance is an important factor in the design.

Abstract:

The effects of tillage-seeding method and 2 times of sowing on yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum) were examined on the sandplain soils in the northern wheatbelt of Western Australia. Four methods were compared: sowing after cultivation, sowing followed by deep ripping, direct drilling (i.e. single-pass seeding with a tined drill), sowing with a new cultivation depth modified drill (CDM) modified to cultivate up to 14 cm deep while sowing at 4 cm. Crops direct-drilled with the CDM produced more grain than crops established with conventional direct drilling or 'crops sown later using the cultivate-sow method and had similar yields to late-sown deep-ripped crops, where appropriate cultivars were used. Early sowing followed by deep ripping produced the highest grain yield. However, increasing the depth of soil disturbance while sowing early with the CDM in a 1-pass system resulted in a progressive increase in grain yield. When the cost of the extra ripping or cultivation operation is taken into account, early direct drilling with the CDM drill is likely to be more profitable than either conventional direct drilling or sowing with deep ripping or cultivation.

Abstract:

This paper concerns with trajectory azimuth control in directional drilling. The motion process of the drill bit and a series of stabilizers are described, and a state-space model of the trajectory azimuth is constructed. The scheme of the trajectory azimuth control system is designed based on the equivalent input disturbance approach. An internal model is inserted to track the drill bit to improve the quality of the drilling trajectory. A state observer is combined with a low-pass filter to estimate the trajectory azimuth by measuring the azimuth of the bottom hole assembly (BHA). The control parameters can be obtained by the condition of system stability, which is derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities. A typical case is used to illustrate the validity and robustness of our approach.

Abstract:

Rotary drilling with roller cone bit is often accompanied by wide fluctuations of the weight on bit (WOB). In certain cases, the WOB periodically reduces to null. It has been postulated that in these cases the drill bit lifts off from the formation surface. The present study models the interaction among the lift-off of the drill bit, the WOB variation, and the modulation of the amplitude of the lobes on the formation surface. The analytical model is used to obtain numerical results for a specific drillstring. From these results it is inferred that the rotary speeds corresponding to the axial resonant frequencies of the system, determined from the functions of the driving point mobility and impedance at the drill bit, are critical regarding the wide fluctuations of the WOB; they may be associated with the sustenance of the lobes with large amplitude.

Abstract:

This paper adopts large diameter drill hole cast-in-place Pile of one Highway Bridge as the study case, using the pile calculatingly program, GPILE, that is a part of the common program software system of finite element method, SAP84, to analysis the pile group effect of large diameter drill hole cast-in-place Pile with different coefficients of pile group effect. This paper suggests using the ratio of the volume of pile and soil in the ambient range of pile group to express the new reduced coefficient and introducing the p-y curves of pile group after reduced as horizontal interaction model. Under these conditions, pile group nonlinearly effect of large diameter drill hole cast-in-place Pile is analyzed. At the same time, some different coefficients of pile group effects were calculated using this method. Compared these results, the feasibility and conciseness of reduced coefficient are testified.

Abstract:

Field experiment was conducted at Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Golestan Province, Iran, to determine the effects of tillage system and weed management regime on yield and weed populations in soybean ( Glycin max L.). The experimental design was a split plot where the whole plot portion was a randomized complete block with three replicates. Main plots were tillage system: 1- No-till row crop seeding, 2- No-till seed drilling, 3- Tillage with disc harrow and drill planting, 4- Tillage with chisel packer and drill planting. The subplots were weed management regimes: 1-Weed control with herbicide application, 2- Hand weeding, 3- Herbicide application plus hand weeding, and 4- Non-weeding. Results indicated that the main effects of tillage system and weed management regime were significant for seed yield, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, weed density and biomass, while their interaction were significant only for weed density, weed biomass, and seed number per pod. The highest grain yields (3838 kg ha-1) were recorded for No-till row crop seeding. The highest seed yield (3877 kg ha-1) also was recorded for weed control with herbicide and hand weeding treatment, followed by hand weeding (3379 kg ha-1).

Abstract:

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 29875, “Combined Data Analytics and Physics-Based Simulation for Optimal Bit, Motor, and Bottomhole Assembly Combination,” by Samba Ba, SPE, Dmitry Belov, SPE, and Daniel Nobre, SPE, Schlumberger, et al., prepared for the 2019 Offshore Technology Conference Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, 29-31 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2020 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. Today, drill bits and mud motor issues can account for more than half of the reasons for pulling out of hole before total depth (TD) on directional drilling wells. The complete paper presents a methodology designed for optimally matching drill bits, mud motors, and bottomhole-assembly (BHA) components for reduced failure risks and improved drilling performance. Work Flow The overall work flow includes detailed modeling of each sophisticated component and an algorithm to combine them efficiently at the system level without losing their specific nature. Drilling-Bit Simulation. The drill-bit model is created in 4D - 3D space modeling plus the transient behavior with time. In 4D finite-element modeling, both polycrystalline-diamond-compact (PDC) and reverse-circulation bits can be modeled. The detailed cutting structure model may include specifying the number of cutters and how to place them in a 3D cutter space. The bit cutter and rock interaction must be modeled correctly to simulate the real scenario. This interaction is characterized by laboratory testing for almost all types of rocks interacting with the cutters. Motor Simulation. The mud motor consists of multiple subassemblies. The power section assembly is where the transformation of hydraulic power into mechanical power occurs; this consists of a rotor/stator pair. The rotor is the moving part and the stationary stator is a metal tube with rubber bonded inside. The authors developed a motor- optimization modeling work flow for evaluating the mud motor’s performance and durability for any defined drilling conditions. This model includes performance, fatigue, and hysteresis heating simulation capabilities. Within the framework of the developed work flow, the authors use three types of simulation (mechanical, thermal, and fatigue), with mutual correlations between the results. Drillstring Simulation. A proper drill-string simulation is critical for the successful evaluation of drilling performance and equipment reliability. In this study, the drillstring and BHA analysis consists of a comprehensive full-scale finite-element model that also includes a proper transient analysis of the drilling process in a 4D analysis. This finite- element model uses 3D beam elements with six degrees of freedom for each finite-element node. The described complex finite-element model incorporates all components from drill bit to surface. This model considers factors affecting the dynamic performance of the drillstring and can predict the transient response in the time domain. Detailed working mechanisms and geometries of downhole drive tools were implemented in the model to study the dynamic characteristics and directional performance of these tools.

Abstract:

The influence of an exit surface angle on drilling burr formation was analyzed. The experimental research found that a burr forms on only a certain portion of a hole when an exit surface is not perpendicular to a drill path. An effective interaction angle was newly defined and the concept of degree of plastic deformation was introduced in order to explain this phenomenon. The burr forming location predicted from the effective interaction angle was verified with experimental results.

Abstract:

Drill cuttings generated by oil and gas drilling process are incorporated into the drilling fluid to ensure an efficient drilling and solids removal. The drilling rigs have a separation system accountable for separating drill cuttings and drilling fluids. Microwave drying is a new technology of separation that has been studied as an alternative to the currently drill cuttings dryer used. The results obtained in preliminary studies showed that this microwave drying is sensitive to different oxides presents into the rock. Thus, this study aimed to describe the microwave heating kinetics of some rocks in order to verify the interaction of oxides with electromagnetic waves. For this, the oxide contents of the rocks were determined by X-ray Fluorescence and different rocks were heated in a microwave heating unit. The results showed that the relationship between the temperature and heating time is exponential and depends on the rock oxide contents. It was found that the iron oxides may be unstable at microwave and rocks with high levels of magnesium oxides and sulfates tend to be good absorbers of microwave. Rocks containing high levels of calcium, silicon, titanium, barium and chloride (NaCl) are not good absorbers of microwave. It was also noted that faster solid heating, lesser the efficiency of microwave drying.

Abstract:

This paper deals with investigatson of the process of drill bit whirling on the rough plane of the well bottom. Nonholonomic kinematic models of the mechanical interaction of contacting bodies with defects at the initial stage of system self-excitation are applied. On the basis of the results of experimental studies, it is believed that one of the main factors influencing on the whirlings vibrations is the geometry of the bit. The bit is considered to be an absolutely rigid ellipsoidal body, the well bottom surface is supposed to be a plane. The resulting oscillations are associated with spontaneous bending deformations of the drill string, which are accompanied by continuous contact of the bit and the rock. The equations of motion of the bit in the linear approximation are obtained. The analysis of the solution of the linearized equations is carried out, and the frequencies of the arising periodic motions are found. The forms of oscillations under different geometrical parameters of an ellipsoidal bit are analyzed. It is shown that the bit can rotate in backward direction, moving at angular velocities that exceed the angular frequency of the drill string. The research results can be used in the development of new types of drilling rigs.

Abstract:

Drill strings are one of the most significant rotor components employed in oil and gas exploitation. In this paper, an improved dynamical model of drill-string-like pipes conveying fluid is developed by taking into account the axial spin, fluid–structure interaction (FSI), damping as well as curvature and inertia nonlinearities. The partial differential equations of motion are derived by two sequential Euler angles and the Hamilton principle and then directly handled by the multiple scales method. The nonlinear amplitudes, frequencies and whirling mode shapes are all investigated towards various system parameters to display the nonlinear dynamical characteristics of such a special rotor system coupled with FSI. It is revealed that the nonlinear amplitudes and frequencies are explicitly dependent on the spinning speed, while the flowing fluid mainly contributes to the linear frequencies, and consequently influences the nonlinear amplitudes and frequencies. The FSI effect and axial spin can both improve the forward procession mode and suppress the backward one, while both procession modes will be suppressed by the viscoelastic damping. The pipe will ultimately present a forward as well as decayed whirling motion for the fundamental mode.

Abstract:

<p class="zhengwen">The design procedure of the tensely strained state(TSS) of the system <strong>«</strong>diamond bit-bottom<strong> » </strong>is developed, basic analytical dependences, characterizing TSS of the system of the calculation the basic parameters-tension, strains under the influence of an external loading on the diamond bit with finite-element method application (FEM) are chosen in the offered article. The questions of the creation in plane posing with usage of share the block - schema of the program, realizing finite-element method. For components of the process of interaction with a diamond bit rock used the method of mathematical modeling of components of the process (partial solutions) output data which will be the main characteristics of the process, allow to formulate requirements for the development of the diamond rock cutting tool.</p> <p class="zhengwen">And also addressed the issues of creating a removable drill bit used for boring exploration wells are considered in the article. The authors propose a technological solution for the modernization and improvement of removable drill bit, taking into account the various stages of deterioration of diamond bits.</p> The possibility of improving the diamond destructive tool, including a special on the scientific, engineering and technological level are far from exhausted. Diamond drilling in difficult geological conditions accompanied not enough efficient use of energy supplied to the face, the working face of overheating matrices crowns, abnormal wear of the rock cutting tool, and is not always suitable geological work quality. In this context, the relevance of the set objectives in this paper is quite obvious.

Abstract:

Abstract The degradation of monumental stones is the result of the interaction between the material and environmental factors, such as mechanical loads, moisture, freezing and thawing, heat, atmospheric pollutants and living organisms. This interaction starts at the stone surface and progresses inwards reaching several millimetres in depth. The common decay or degradation processes result in significant loss of the strength properties of the outermost layers of stone material and quite often these exhibit erosion features, a cohesionless appearance and typical disintegration forms. At present there is no method which can measure with sensitivity, reliability and quasi-non-destructively the cohesive properties of stones both at the exposed surface and at larger depths (few centimetres), which can be used both in laboratory and in situ. The objective of this work is to verify the capability of a phenomenological model to characterize the cohesional properties of stones and the influence of wear on drill-bit performance based on appropriate microdrilling measurements performed by using a new portable Drilling Force Measurement System (DFMS).

Abstract:

Heavy weight drill pipe (HWDP) in wells are hollow, weighty rods with stepwise changing physical properties (for example, stiffness), and each link of the string can deform according to geometrically nonlinear laws. They are the most critical part in the drilling process, transmitting power from the drilling rig to the rock failing tool, and are in hydrodynamic and contact interaction with the borehole walls, and are always curved. This occurs due to the curvature of the well itself, and under the action of its own weight, contact forces, as well as centrifugal forces in the case of rotation of the pipe. In this case, the curvature of the HWDP axis can be significantly influenced by the geometric nonlinearity of the deformation of its pipes. A review of this issue revealed a number of poorly studied problems, which include accounting for both phy- sically and geometrically nonlinear problems, accompanied by various types of complications (loss of stability HDWP, pipe breaks, etc.), as well as other processes in the elements of a dynamic drilling system (DDS). In this paper, based on the use of modern methods for studying dynamic processes in mechanical systems, a method is proposed for studying longitudinal oscillations of a geometrically nonlinear HWDP of its stability under torsion, taking into account the physical nonlinearity in the process of its deformation. The dependences characte- rizing this process are found.

Abstract:

Drilling is one of the costliest activities in oil and gas industry due to the complexity of interactions with downhole rock formation. Under such conditions, the uncertainty of drillstring behaviour increase and hence it becomes difficult to predict the causes, occurrences, and types of failures. Lateral and torsional vibrations often cause failure of Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA), drillstring failure, drill bit and wall borehole damages. In this work, a model is presented to determine the impact of lateral and torsional vibrations on a drillstring during the drilling operation. The model aims to mimic real drillstring behaviour inside a wellbore with regards to its dynamic movements due to multiple real situations such as eccentricity of collars, drill pipe sections, and stick-slip phenomena occurring due to the interaction of the bit and the drillstring with the well formation. The work aims to develop a basis for determining critical operating speeds and design parameters to provide safe drilling procedures and reduce drill string fatigue failure. Lagrangian approach is used in this study to attain drillstring lateral and torsional vibration coupling equations. The nonlinear equations are solved numerically to obtain the response of the system. In this work, we also present a brief description of an in-house constructed experimental setup. The setup has the capability to imitate the downhole lateral and torsional vibration modes. Parameters from the experimental investigations are incorporated for validation of the mathematical models and for prediction of the drillstring fatigue life. Such investigations are essential for oil and gas industries as they provide solutions and recommendations about operational speed, lateral and torsional amplitudes measurements and corrections, and the conditions for avoiding occurrence of natural frequencies of the system.

Abstract:

During the drilling process, the drilling system devices can be exposed to several types of phenomena incited by lateral, axial, and torsional vibrations. The latter can lead to severe damages if they are not efficiently controlled and quickly mitigated. This research work is focused on the torsional vibrations, which are stimulated by the nonlinear dynamical interaction between the geological rocks and the drill bit. Wherein, a model with three degrees of freedom was designed to demonstrate the severity of the stick-slip phenomenon as consequence of torsional vibrations. The main objective of this study was to design a robust controller based on hybridizing a conventional PID controller with sliding mode approach in order to mitigate rapidly the torsional vibrations. Moreover, a comparative study between PI, PID and sliding mode controllers allowed us to emphasize the effectiveness of the new hybrid controller and improve the drilling system performances. Furthermore, the chattering phenomenon in the sliding surface was overcome by using the saturation function rather than the sign function. The obtained results proved the usefulness of the proposed controller in suppressing the stick-slip phenomenon for smart industrial drilling systems.

Abstract:

Miniature drilling is widely used in industries including electronics and reconstructive surgeries to create small sized holes. Chip removal and effective supply of coolant are the two limiting factors that make the process more complex compared to other meso scale machining processes and also contribute to the tool wear. The tool wear in the process is mainly caused by the interaction, motion and chip production between the tool and work piece. Uniform supply of coolant must be ensured to reach the drilled cavity to keep the tool wear to a minimal level. This study includes experimental investigation of the tool condition after applying Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) system as a greener approach as the name indicates. The tool condition with MQL has also been compared with dry and flood cooling. Two different types of drill bit materials (High Speed Steel and Carbide) have been tested under same experimental condition to drill through Aluminum Alloy 6061 and it has been found that overall performance in terms of tool condition after applying MQL was better compared to the other two methods. The overall wear propagation area was measured for both the conditions. It was seen, the wear propagation covered minimal area with MQL while for flood and dry condition wear was spread over a bigger area on flank.

Abstract:

In this research a passive haptic interface is explored as a surgical aid for dental implant surgery. The placement of a dental implant is critical since positioning mistakes can lead to permanent damage in the nerves controlling the lips, long lasting numbness, and failure of the implant and the crown on it. Haptic feedback to the surgeon in real time can decrease dependence on the surgeon's skill and experience for accurate implant positioning and increase the overall safety of the procedure. The developed device is a lightweight mechanism with weight compensation. Rotary magnetorheological (MR) brakes were custom designed for this application using the serpentine flux path concept. The resulting MR-brakes are 33% smaller in diameter than the only commercially available such brakes, yet produce 2.7 times more torque at 10.9 Nm. Another contribution of this research was a ferro-fluidic sealing technique which decreased the off-state torque. The control system implemented the passive force manipulability ellipsoid algorithm for force rendering of rigid wall-following tasks. Usability experiments were conducted to drill holes with haptic feedback. The maximum average positioning error was 2.88 mm along the x axis. The errors along the y and z axes were 1.9 mm and 1.16 mm, respectively. The results are on the same order of magnitude as other dental robotic systems. The innovative new MR-brake actuators, inherent safety of the system, and simplicity of control make this passive haptic interface a viable option for further exploration.

Abstract:

This article is devoted to the study of the local contact between the drillstring and the well during drilling operations. The study focuses on the Bottom-Hole-Assembly (BHA), which is subjected to compression. The work is motivated by the need to understand the complex behavior of such a system, in order to improve control over their constructive and destructive potentials. The contact zone is first determined using a global finite-element model obtained from a specific computer program. Contact, which is assumed to be located somewhere on the drill-collar or on stabilizers, is prejudicial and leads to premature abrasive wear of the drillstring, reduction of the Rate Of Penetration (ROP) of the tool into the rock and reduction of the Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF). The proposed mathematical model is expressed in terms of four independent degrees of freedom which are radial displacement, rotation of the section considered, bending along the tangential direction and torsion of the string. They include the effects of bending and torsion, the whirling motion of the drillstring as well as friction phenomena occurring between the drillstring and the well. The tangential effect is modeled by using Coulomb’s law of friction. The nonlinear equations of movement are derived using Lagrange equations and are solved numerically to obtain the response. Specific attention is paid to the study of friction and a consistent contact model capable of taking into account the rolling of the drillstring, both with and without slip, is included in the model. This paper also presents a parametric study on the influence of the initial position of the string and the friction coefficient of the contact on the dynamic behavior of the structure. The model is validated by an experimental set-up equipped with two opto-electronic devices.

Abstract:

Abstract The variety of accidents which happen during the construction of oil and gas wells causes the expansion in the use of magnetic fishing tools. However, the known tools based on permanent magnets have a significant drawback involving the flat working surface of the magnetic system that does not permit to achieve a considerable attraction force to a fished object of complex geometric shape. Therefore, the aim of the research is to increase the efficiency of removalthe objects of irregular geometric shape from the wells by enlarging the area of contacting them. For that purpose, it has been developed a fundamentally new design of the large-diameter fishing tool with the moving magnetic systems capable of copying the shape of the objects to be fished. Each magnetic system, which is compound of permanent rare-earth neodymium magnets and concentrically placed magnetic cores, shall be held by the magnetic field of adjacent systems with opposite polarity. There were conducted theoretical studies using the finite element method to determine the working capacity of the designed tool. As a result, it has been found the valueof hoisting capacity during the interaction of magnetic systems with the roller cone of the drill bit; this fact confirms the capability of fishing the objects of irregular geometric shape. In addition, it has been explored the influence of the material of the fished object on the power characteristics of magnetic systems. The application of the designed magnetic tool allowsremoving the ferromagnetic objects from the well regardless of their shape, weight and position onthe bottom hole. Apart from that, the given tool may be used in the areas where the technology of work is related to drilling wells.

Abstract:

Nowadays, even apps for corporate management are respectable. Manager app portals complement such “run-a-business” apps with apps that make managers’ business life easier. The right mix of apps makes the difference. Accommodating the user perspective, the objective of this article is to examine which apps disproportionately influence managers’ perception regarding the usefulness of information systems (IS). Applying the Kano model and considering both “analyst-” and “consumer-type” managers, we employ findings from a manager focus group survey to discuss the strongest differentiators: (1) Offer collaboration bars and push notifications for analyst managers. Get consumer managers “online” with news tickers. (2) Make core reports more interactive with drill downs and filters for manager self-service. (3) Take “fun and enjoyment” into account when accommodating managers’ business life. (4) Consider that tablets create their own manager use case as a “first-stop information shop.”

Abstract:

The RSS has been widely used in directional drilling. In order to enhance wellpath control accuracy and efficiency of the static push-the-bit RSS, a powerful BUR prediction method is reconstructed by coupling a rotary steerable bottom-hole assembly (RSBHA) mechanical model and a drill bit–rock interaction model. This article showed that when establishing the RSBHA mechanical model by using the continuous beam column method, the steering rib should be treated as an eccentric stabilizer to consider the contact effect between the steering rib and wellbore wall. For the beam column containing the flexible sub and between two stabilizers, it should be rearranged into three beam columns, and the lower and upper steps of the flexible sub should be considered as virtual supports. The equilibrium tendency method (ETM) to predict the BUR can enhance wellpath prediction accuracy than those of traditional methods. Under 3D conditions, the total drilling tendency angle should be denoted by inclination tendency angle and azimuth tendency angle to enhance the solution efficiency. Case analyses have verified that the average forecast error of the BUR prediction model in this article is less than 1°/30 m.

Abstract:

PurposeThe drill string vibrations can create harmful effects on drilling performance because they generate the stick-slip phenomenon which reduces the quality of drilling and decreases the penetration rate and may affect the robustness of the designed controller. For this reason, it is necessary to carefully test the different rock-bit contact models and analyze their influences on system stability in order to mitigate the vibrations. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of rock-bit interaction on high-frequency stick-slip vibration severity in rotary drilling systems.Design/methodology/approachThe main objective of this study is an overview of the influence of the rock-bit interaction models on the bit dynamics. A total of three models have been considered, and the drilling parameters have been varied in order to study the reliability of the models. Moreover, a comparison between these models has allowed the determination of the most reliable function for stick-slip phenomenon.FindingsThe torsional model with three degrees of freedom has been considered in order to highlight the effectiveness of the comparative study. Based on the obtained results, it has been concluded that the rock-bit interaction model has big influences on the response of the rotary drilling system. Therefore, it is recommended to consider the results of this study in order to design and implement a robust control system to mitigate harmful vibrations; the practical implementation of this model can be advantageous in designing a smart rotary drilling system.Originality/valueMany rock-bit functions have been proposed in the literature, but no study has been dedicated to compare them; this is the main contribution of this study. Moreover, a case study of harmonic torsional vibrations analysis has been carried out in well-A, which is located in an Algerian hydrocarbons field, the indices of vibrations detection are given with their preventions.

Abstract:

The first measurements of the helicity dependence for the γd reactions were carried out at MAMI (Mainz) in the energy range E γ=200-800 MeV . The experiment used a 4π detection system, a circularly polarized tagged photon beam and a frozen spin target which provided longitudinally polarized deuterons. Results on both the total inclusive photoabsorption cross section and of the πNN channels will be presented. These data give important information about the the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn sum rule on the neutron and allow a detailed comparison with state-of-the-art calculations of the γd interaction.

Abstract:

Signage systems are the main means of resolving the wayfinding problem in an emergency evacuation. However, recent literature has proven that signage systems are often not effective in an indoor wayfinding decision-making situation. Many studies that attempted to solve the problem did not consider the interaction between the optimal location of signage systems and gaze characteristics. Therefore, this study aimed to provide basic database to determine the optimal location of signage by analysing the characteristics of eye movements according to the type of junction. To achieve this, we conducted evacuation experiments in a maze set composed of eight junctions that we created ourselves and analysed the eye movement data of participants with 5196 gaze points and duration of 895,581.49 ms. The result showed that participants most often look between 100 cm and 150 cm (vertical height) in the corridor and in junctions. In addition, the gaze points of the evacuees are quantified by the horizontal and vertical directions according to the type of junction where the wayfinding decisions occur. This investigation showed that there are marked differences depending on the type.

Abstract:

Historically, although the first indications for the use of lasers in general were in dentistry, coming as a relief from the sound of the drill and mechanical contacts, it still seems somewhat that the entry in various ways of lasers in dentistry has been slower. This is somewhat true for the situation at the continents (e.g. USA much later approved the application relative to Europe). This paper analyzes the potential and existing applications of lasers in dentistry in a wide range of existing types, including interaction with dental tissues, in terms of surgical applications, on living tissue, the prosthetic area of applications and therapeutic doses. There is another special feature that can be recognized is the precise determination of the color of the material (teeth and prosthetics) and in general the determination of the composition of the material including classic, but also modern laser techniques (LIBS, complimentary techniques, tooth tissue, bone) and especially in the case of the first Q switch systems related to pain reduction, because the short pulse favors the intervention rate (ns, ps and fs). Special attention should be paid to modeling of interaction and analysis with the appropriate software support.